Develop或Development用于说明有生命机体的活动或活动结果时,可译成:“发育”,“生长”,“长成”,“孕育”等词;如:

A chicken develops in the egg.鸡雏在蛋中孕育

Most plants develop from seeds.大多数植物是由种子长成的。

(以上两句引自:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English)The achievement is important for the study of development and of genetic diseases. 这项实验成就对于发育和遗传性疾病的研究很重要。

Developing children,including the unborn,may suffer behavioral and mental problems at lead-intake levels of 100 to 150 micrograms a day. 正在发育的儿童,包括未出生的在内,如果每天摄入100 ~ 150微克铅,可能引起行动和精神上的不正常现象。

如果develop或development用于说明无生命的东西时,则译成“增大”,“扩大”等词,如:For sleuthing tooth decay,lasers provide a simple and convenient tool to detect developing cavities. 激光器为探测龋齿提供了一种测出逐步增大的龋洞的简便工具。

下面这个句子中的intellectual development是指人的“智力发育”,或对人进行“智力教育”。“智力”虽属非生命名词,但属于有生命的人,因此development仍可译成“发育”二字。用现在人们常说的“智力开发”译出此句,显然是个错误。

Too much genes,or too few genes in specific regions can lead to slowed or limited intellectual development. 在特定区域中,基因太多或太少都能迟缓与限制智力发育

Develop或Development说明表示“情况”、“事态”、“疾病”等概念的名词时,通常将“生长”、“发育”这个意义引申译成:“发生”、“出现”,如:He seems to be doveloping an illness. 他好像要生病了。

Shorts frequently develop when insulation is. worn.绝缘磨损时常发生短路。

(以上二例句引自Dictionary of Contemporary English)

“Limited cases” of mosquito resistance have developed from using DDT and other pesticides in public-health drives to wipe out malaria. 在消灭疟疾的公共卫生运动中,因使用DDT和其他杀虫药剂而发生了蚊虫抗性这种“有限事例”。

Passive smoking(breathing in another person's cigarette smoke)seemed to elevate one's risk of developing those same respiratory problems——cough,phlegm and reduced vital capacity. 被动吸烟(即吸入别人吸烟时吐出的烟)似乎也增加发生呼吸道疾病的危险——如咳嗽、吐痰及肺活量降低等。

Develop或Development与表示“计划”、“方案”、“程序”等概念的各自联用时,可译成:“编制”、“发表”等词,如:A national fruit and nut germplasm preservation plan has now been developed by the USDA. 美国农业部已经发表了一个全国性水果和坚果种质保持方案

He says,“no one has developed a program that can predict fire spread from one room to the next. ”However,a zone model developed by Walter Jones of NBS now can predict the spread of hot gases from one room to another. 他说:“谁也没有编制出一个能预测火灾从一个房间蔓延到另一个房间的计算机程序。”然而,国家标准局的琼斯研究出来的分区模型现在已能预测高温气体从一个房间扩散到另一个房间的情景。

除上述译法外,develop或development还可省略不译,因与develop或development联用的名词本身含有动作的意义。如将

According to the prognosis developed by the report's authors,that...

译成:根据报告作者作出的预测,…不妨将“作出”两字略去,更为简洁。又如将:

In the years since concern developed about the condition of the earth's protective ozone layer,numerous satellites have been launched with a sensor or two included to study various aspects of the situation. 译成:自从对地球的保护性臭氧层的情况表示担心以来,在这几年中发射了很多颗装有一个或两个传感器的卫星。

这句译文中的表示两字似也多余。不妨改成:自从科学家们关注地球的保护性臭氧层情况以来,…。

Develop或Development用于不同的专业,还有不同的含义及译法。请比较下列各句:

The development of photographic films requires a dark-room.冲洗相片需要有一间暗室。

这一句中的development不能误译为“放大”,

A plate well washed develops. Cleaner than one washed insufficiently.冲洗得好的底片比冲洗不足的底片显影更清晰。

Develop或Development用于数学专业时,又有一种译法,如:

It is proposed to discover the law of development,when the function can be developed in the form:

Y=f(x)=A+Bx+Cx2+Dx3+Ex4+ete.

若能将函数展开成:Y=f(x)=A+Bx+Cx2+Dx3+Ex4+…,则可发现展开规律。

下列不同专业的用词中,develop与development的译法又各不相同;如:

developed reserves可靠储量(矿物)

developed dye显色染料

developing paper照相

development drilling开拓钻孔

latest developments新闻

关于develop和development的种种意义及译法,本文不可能一一列举。笔者仅想说明,即使是最基本的常用词汇,在汉译时仍应谨慎推敲,才能使读者明确无误地理解译文。