NUMBERS AND MATHEMATICS

It is said that mathematics is the base of all other sciences,and that arithmetic,the science of numbers,is the base of mathematics. Numbersconsist of whole numbers (integers) which are formed by the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 and by combinationsof them. For example,247—two hundred and forty seven—is a number formed by three digits. Parts of numbers smaller than 1 are sometimes expressed in termsof fractions,but in scientific usage they are given asdecimals. This is because it is easier to perform the various mathematical operations if decimals are used instead of fractions. The main operations areto add,subtract,multiply and divide;to square,cube or raise to any other power;to take a square,cube or any other root and to find a ratio or proportion between pairs of numbers or a series of numbers. Thus,the decimal ,or ten-scale,system is used for scientific purposes throughout the world,even in countries whose national systems of weights and measurements are based upon other scales. The other scale in general usenowadays is the binary,or two-scale,in which numbers are expressed by combinations of only two digits,0 and 1. Thus,in the binary scale,2 is expressed as 010,3 is given as 011,4 is represented as 100,etc. This scale is perfectly adapted to the‘off-on’ pulses of electricity,so it is widely used in electronic computers: because of its simplicity it is often called‘the lazy schoolboy's dream’!

译文数与数学

据说,数学是一切自然科学的基础,而算术(数的科学),又是数学的基础。数可以由整数构成,整数有0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9以及这些数字的组合。例如247(二百四十七)就是由三个数字组合的数。小于1的数,有时用分数表示,但在科学上应用时,以小数表示,因为用小数进行各种数学运算比用分数方便。运算的方法主要有:加、减、乘、除;平方、立方或任何次方;开平方根、开立方根或任何次方根,以及求两个数或一系列数之间的比例。所以,世界各国在科学上都采用小数计算法即十进制,即使在那些用其他计算法作为本国度量衡制度基础的国家,也不例外。目前被普遍采用的另一种计数法,就是二进位制。在二进制里,只需用0和1两个数字进行组合,就能表示出各种数。例如:010表示2,011表示3,100表示4,余类推。这种二进制非常适合于“开关”脉冲电路,因此被广泛应用于电子计算机。由于二进位计数法十分简便,所以常常被喻为“懒学童梦求之宝”!

Other branches of mathematics such as algebra and geometry are also extensively used in many Sciences and oven in some areas of philosophy. Morespecialized extensions,such as probability theory and group theory,are now applied to an. increasing range of activities,from economics and the design of experiments to war and politics. Finally,a knowledge of statistics is required by every type of scientist for the analysis of data. Moreover,even an elementary knowledge of this branch of mathematics is sufficient to enable the journalist to avoid misleading?his readers,or the ordinary citizen to detect the attempts which are constantly made to deceive him.

数学的其他分支,如代数学、几何学,也广泛应用于许多学科,甚至还用于哲学的某些方面。像概率论和群论这样更加专门化的分支,其应用范围也在日益扩大:从经济学和各种实验设计,到军事和政治方面。最后,统计学也是各类科学家分析数据时所必需的知识。甚而,即使只有统计学的初步知识,一个记者就能避免报导数据失实而贻误读者,而对普通人来说,就能识破那些常用数字骗人的诡计。

注释

1. sciences(复数)作“理科,自然科学”讲;此句如译成“…数学是所有其他学科的基础”,不够确切,数学未必是人文科学的基础。all other sciences实指除数学以外的一切自然科学,汉译时将other略去,译文更加明确:数学是一切自然科学的基础。2. 此句若译成“数由整数构成”,似乎违反数学常识,因为数并非都由整数构成。须知,英语名词复数有时具有概括意义(此时通常不加冠词),有时则否,需根据句子意义或上下文来判定。如:People use their lungs for breathing. 人用肺呼吸。这儿people泛指人类。又如:Some time ago,an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea. 不久前,考古学家在爱琴海基亚岛发现一件有趣的事。这儿arc-haeologists显然仅指某些考古学家。上句的numbers无概括意义,不等于all numbers,可译成:有些数由整数构成。或译:数可以由整数构成。意即“也可由非整数构成”。3. combinations(复数),不表示动作“组合”的意思,而是(由……)组合的数字。如:An alloy is a combination of two or more different metals. 合金是两种或两种以上不同金属的合成物。a combination—种合成物或化合物。具有动作概念的抽象名词只有当它是不可数名词时,才表示动作意义。如:Thousands of English words are made by combination of 26 letters in different ways. 无数的英语单词是由26个字母以不同方式组合而构成的。4. In terms of此处作“用……言词(来表示)”讲。如:In terms of decimal,10% means 0.1. 10%用小数表示即0.1。5. be given as…此处与be expressed as…同义,即“用……来表示”。6. The main operations are:to add,subtract从动词不定式to add至句末都是句子的表语部分,其中有的不定式前省略了to,由于有若干同等表语,故系动词are后面加了冒号“:”。7. Thus,the decimal or ten-scale,system is used……ten-scale说明decimal,与它同义并同位,这种解释性词语汉译时往往略去,这句原可译成“……科学上都采用十进制”,但此处为避免行文突兀,与上文脱节,两词结合译出。8. In generaluse普遍采用的,通用的。9. dream n. 梦寐以求的东西。10. More specialized extensions这儿more如说明specialized,意为“更加”,如说明extensions,意为“更多”,根据上下文应为前者,译成:更加专门化的分支。11. To avoid misleading his readers……avoid要求后面用动词-ing形式。此句若译成“避免使他的读者误解”,或译“不至于把他的读者引入歧途”,两种译法都未能正确表达句子的意思。误解什么?引入什么歧途?令人费解。诚然,原文中没有更多的文字说明,怎么译?关键在于通过反复推敲上下文,从中正确理解misleading的含义并领会全句的意思。我们知道,记者与读者的关系,无非是前者给后者报导消息。现根据上下文可知,记者如有了统计学的知识,就能在报导数字方面更加确切,而不是“使读者避免误解”,“误解”通常指把原属正确的东西被人错误理解。所以mislead虽有“使……误解”一义,在这儿讲不通。至于说“避免把读者引入歧途”,那不是记者有没有统计学知识的问题,与原意相去更远,词典上的这一释义同样“对不上号”。可见,mislead的正确意思,只能通过上下文来确定。现在把这一句试译成:甚而,一个记者,即使只有统计学的初步知识,就足以使他避免报导数据失实而贻误读者。下面用mislead再举一例:Don't let his friendly words mislead you into trusting him. 不要让他用花言巧语骗取了你对他的信任。

(待续)