英语定语从句在结构上长短、繁简不一,尤其对中心词的限制有强有弱。因此,汉译时,要根据上下文灵活处理。汉语表达习惯是修饰语不宜过长,一般置于中心词之前。怎样把又长又繁的英语定语从句译成简洁明了的汉语,这是值得探索的。定语从句可分为:限制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句、兼有状语功能的定语从句等。下面扼要地介绍定语从句的几种基本汉译法。
—、前置译法对较短的定语从句,可汉译为定语词组或“的”字结构,放在被修饰的中心词之前,这就是前置译法。从翻译角度来看,只要是短的定语从句,不管是限制性或非限制性的,都可采用前置译法。
1. The time when we can make use of atomic energy has come.我们能够利用原子能的时期已经到来。(when引导的定语从句译法,主要取决于被从句所修饰的名词本身含义;若分译置后,则概念不清,因第一分句在意义上不能独立存在。)
2. A crane can be defined as a machine which lifts heavy loads and displaces them horizontally.重机可定义为举起重载并使其水平位移的机械。(科技英语中,对术语下定义时,要求逻辑严密,概念明确;在结构上,要求多种说明语集中并放在被说明词之前,故例2定义中的定语从句译为“的”字结构,使概念集中。)
3. An instrument has been developed which utilizes a laser velocimeter to measure the velocity of particles leaving an internal accelerating nozzle.已研究出一种用激光测速仪来测定飞离内加速喷嘴的粒子速度的仪器。(虽然定语从句长了些,又同被修饰词instrument分隔,但仍译为“的”字结构,以求叙述详尽。)
4. When deeply absorbed in work,which he often was,he would forget all about eating and sleeping. 他经常聚精会神地工作,往往废寝忘食。(例4非限制性定语从句较短,也可采用前置译法。)
二、后置译法若定语从句较长,与主句关联又不大紧密,而前置又不符合汉语表达习惯时,则一般采用后置译法较妥。当然,非限制性定语从句常常采用后置译法。
1. Archimedes' principle applies to liquids, by which we mean all liquids and gases. 阿基米德患原理适用于一切流体,这里所谓流体指的是一切液体和气体。
2. Air is a mixture of gas, of which oxygen forms 21% by volume. 空气是一种气体混合物,其中氧气按体积计占21%。(上面两句若按前置译法处理,则显得修饰语过长,上下行文不畅,不符合汉语表达习惯,层次不明,原文意思表达也欠清楚。)
3.This,of course,in eludes the movement of electrons,which are negatively charged particles. 当然,这包括电子(带负电的粒子)的运动。(定语从句简化为词组,放在中心词后面,并加括号。若定语从句含注释或补充说明的性质,则后置汉译时可适当用标点符号。)
三、译成并列分句若定语从句(非限制性的较多)结构复杂或意思上独立性较强,在逻辑意义上有追叙、分层叙述、转折等作用,通常可把主句与从句分开译,译成并列分句。
1. See Fig. 1-9,where the plate lies on three rest buttons. 见图1-9,图中平板放在三个定位钮上。
2. The forward spar of these terminates at rib 18, where it joints the front spar. 诸梁中前面一根终止于18肋,在该处与前梁相接。
3. They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines, without which the field would be halved. 他们缺少搭葡萄藤架的杆儿,没有杆儿,产量就会减少一半。
四、特种定语从句翻译法
1. which引导的特种定语从句译法这种定语从句通常说明整个主句,用来对主句所叙述的事实或现象加以总结概括、补充说明或承上启下,其前面都有逗号分开。通常把主句和从句分译,“which”译成“这…”,“从而…”,“因而…”等。
① We took a short cut through the woods,which saved about ten minutes. 我们抄近路穿过树林,这使我们少花了大约十分钟。(这里which用作实义动词save的主语,相当于一个由and连接的并列句。)
② He changed his mind for the second time,after which I refused ever to go out with him again. 他再次改变了主意,此后,我拒绝再同他一起出去了。(which本身在从句中用作介词after的宾语。)
③ To find the pressure we divide the force by the area on which it presses, which gives the force per unit area. 为了求得压强,将力除它所作用的面积,从而得出单位面积上的压力。
2. as引导的特种定语从句译法这种定语从句近似插入语或状语,通常对主句所作的陈述予以附加说明。as从句在句中的位置较灵活,可在主句之前、之中或之后。当然,as与某些词语的搭配能力很强,也相当固定,具有某种习语特性。翻译时,可将主句和从句分译,通常把“as”译成“这”、“如”等词。
①As we know now,heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed unless air holds them back. 我们现在知道,若无空气阻力,轻重物体下落的速度都相同。(从句中as用作实义动词know的宾语,形成固定搭配。)
②The activity was postponed,as we exactly wanted,正如我们想望的那样,这项活动延期了。(当从句含expect,think,want等动词时,as则采用简洁表达法,意义上近似状语从句。若换用which,其后常跟what引导的表语从句,试比较:The activity was postponed,which was exactly what we wanted. “这项活动延期了,这正是我们想望的。”which和as两种从句意思上稍有出入。)
③A new hotel will be built,as is announced in today's papers,据今日报载,将建造一家新旅馆。(as常接announce,report,say,expect等动词被动语态。)
五、溶合法溶合法也称合译法,即以原句的中心词作为主语,去掉定语从句的关联词,把主语和从句顺译下来,溶合一起,译成一个独立句子。由于限制性定语从句与主句的关系紧密,故溶合法一般适用于限制性定语从句的翻译,特别是主句There be…句型往往采取此译法。
① With the introduction of the electronic computer,there is no complicated problem but can be solved quickly. 由于采用了电子计算机,任何复杂问题都能迅速计算出来。(but省译。)
② The oil tanker carries crude oil to a refinery, where the oil is processed. 油罐将原油带到炼油厂加工。(where省译。)
③ It was a hope which reflected the conviction expressed some years earlier by the then British Prime Minister,Mr. Asquith 这个希望反映了早几年前任首相阿斯奎斯先生表示过的信念。(which省译。)
六、译成状语从句有些定语从句在深层意义上含时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、让步、条件和假设等状语性的意思。若遇英语定语从句(主要是非限制性定语从句)渗透入状语从句范围,则应找出这种深足的含义,然后译成汉语的相应的分句。
① To make an atom bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms available for fission. 制造原子弹须用铀235,因为它的所有原子都可裂变。(表示原因的定语从句。)
② Amplitude spectra of low frequency electrochemical noise are presented which show a correlation between the rate and mode of corrosion attack and fluctuation of the corrosion potential. 出低频电化学噪声振幅谱,旨在表明腐蚀侵袭的速率及方式与腐蚀电位波动之间的相互关系。(表示目的的定语从句。)
③ The tram stopped suddenly, which caused me to come late. 电车突然停了,结果,我来晚了,(表示结果的定语从句。)
④ My assistant, who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically. 我的助手虽然做实验前仔细通读过说明书,但由于生搬硬套,故未能得出满意的结果。(表示让步的定语从句,)
⑤ An electrical current begins to flow through a coil, which is connected across a charged condenser. 如果线圈同充电的电容器相联接,电流就开始流过线圈。(表示条件的定语从句。)
练习I:试译下列定语从句:
1. At once the sky grew dark, and the ground opened up near the spot where they were standing.
2. On the platform I could see a Negro who was working the pump.
3. For us, who are used to using mao(毛)and fen(分),this is apt to be confusing.
4. Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which shows that the computations were accurate.
5. World WarⅡwas,however,more complex than the preceding world war ,which was a collision among the powers over the spoils of markets,resources and territories.
6. However we should not give much credence to this tale,which is more likely spread to make fun of the supposedly stingy nature of the Seots(苏格兰人)。
下面谈谈状语从句的译法。英语的方式、比较、结果等状语从句一般位于主句之后,其他状语从句的位置则较灵活,有前有后。汉译时,根据汉语的表达习惯,比较和结果状语从句放在主句之后,方式状语从句可前可后,其他状语从句通常在主句之前。英语状语从句的基本译法如下:
—、前置译法
① The piston completes a stroke each time it changes direction of motion. (时间状语从句)每当活塞改变一次运动方向,就完成了一个冲程。
② The average speed of all molecules remains the same so long as the temperature is constant. (条件状语从句)只要温度不变,所有分子的平均速度也就不变。
③ Consequently the capacitor is made up of plates of large area so that large electrical charges may be stored. (目的状语从句)为了储藏大量电荷,通常用大面积金属板来制造电容器。
二、后置译法
① A balloon floats in the air as a boat floats on water.(方式状语从句)轻气球浮在空气中,犹如船浮在水上。
② The temperature in. the sun is so high that nothing can exist in solid state. (结果状语从句)太阳内温度很高,以致固体无法生存。
③ I had been puzzling over the problem for over an hour without any result, when all at once the solution flashed across my mind. (时间状语从句)这个问题把我难倒了一个多小时,接着(后来)我突然开窍,找到了答案。
三、状语从句的转译有的状语从句可按其语法形式来汉译,但是,有的状语从句要适当转译。例如时间状语从句有时转译成让步或条件状语从句;地点状语从句有时转译成条件状语从句……等。翻译时应找出其中暗含的逻辑意义,然后译成汉语的相应的分句。如果忽视这一点,就会破坏修辞效果。
① Why use metal when you can use plastic?既然可用塑料,为什么要用金属呢?(时间状语从句转译成让步状语从句。)
② When you have tanks of air on you,you can stay in deep water for a long time. 如果背着空气袋,人们就可以长久待在深水中。(时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句,)
③ Where a vessel has vertical sides,the pressure on the bottom is equal to the height of the liquid times its density. 如果器壁垂直,则容器底的压力等于液体高度乘以液体的密度。(地点状语从句转成条件状语从句。)
④ But Eden did not be have like Dulles,where Dulles was receptive and Eden was bored. 可是,艾登做事跟杜勒斯不同,杜勒斯还能听听别人的话,而艾登厌烦得连别人半句话也听不进。(地点状语从句转译成对比句。)
⑤ As an object draws harder,it contains matter more. 物体含物质越多,其引力就越大。(时间状语从句转译成比例增减句。)
⑥ They built the bridge in two months when everyone thought it would take two years. 他们花二个月就建成这座桥,可当时大家认为要花二年时间。(时间状语从句转译为对比句。)
⑦ For the ideogram is an inclusive gestalt,not analytic dissociation of senses and functions like phonetic writing. 事实上,表意文字是意义与功能的内在结合体,而不是像表音文字那样意义与功能分裂。(连词for放在句首引导一个陈述事实的特殊的独立句,通常用一般现在时态,多见于比较正式的现代英语中,其意义是it is a fact that…。多数英语教师把连词for引导的独立句误解为原因状语从句,这不但与“连词for引导的状语从句不可置于句首”这条语法规则相悖,而且意义上也很难自圆其说。)
⑧ For the summer show of the Latherop Gallery is the largest in quality,if not in number,in this year's art exhibition. 不错,拉索普画廊的夏季展览,在今年艺术展览中,即使在数量上不算最大,在质量上要算最佳的一次。(For=It is a fact that…)
四、连词省译翻译实践表明,状语从句中有的连词不一定要译出。常有这种情况:只要符合意含原则,不译出连词比译出连词更贴近汉语行文习惯。
① The patient had his right leg broken when an automobile ran over him. 这病人的右腿被汽车轧断了。(试比较:当汽车把他撞倒时,他的右腿就被轧断了。)
② Substances have no tendency to expand unless they are heated. 物体不受热就没有膨胀的趋势。(不译出unless,主句和从句紧缩译成一句。)
③ If you melt two or more metals together,you can get a new metal. 一起熔化两种以上金属就可产生一种新金属。(不译出if,条件状语从句译成全句的主语。)
④ Some atoms are so constructed that they lose electrons easily,若干原子的结构很容易丢失其电子。(不译出so…that;that引导的结果状语从句译成全句的谓语成分,)
ExerciseⅡ. 汉译下列由连词when引导的各类句子:
1. When a 200-pound man walks on the moon, he can leap along easily.
2. When the modern chicken farm is finished, we will produce 50,000 chickens a year.
3. The fire had been put out when the firemen got there.
4. He remained in the army until 1970, when he left the service.
5. We parted from each other three years ago,since when I haven't heard from him.
6. Hardly had he finished when someone rose to refute his points.
7. He usually walks home when he might ride.
8. Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.
9. Many complain of the want of memory,when the defect is in their judgement.
10.(What is the force that causes the moon to move about the earth? Newton said that the answer came to him while he was sitting in a garden.)He was thinking about this question when apple fell to the ground.
Key:练习Ⅰ,1. 刹那间,天昏地黑,他们所站地附近的地而裂了开来。2. 我看见台上有个黑人在压水泵。3. 像我们习惯用“毛”和“分”的人,对这种算法很难搞清。4. 不过问题还是圆满解决了,这说明计算准确。5. 第一次世界大战只是列强之间争夺市场、资源和领土的冲突,而第二次世界大战确比第一次更复杂了。6. 我们切莫轻信这种故事,因为流传这种故事,多半8在嘲笑所谓苏格兰人的吝啬性格。
练习Ⅱ,1. 体重200磅的人在月球上行走时,能轻易跳跃前进。2. 这座现代化养鸡厂建成之后,每年就能养5万只鸡。3. 消防队员赶到那里之前,火已扑灭。4.1970年前他一直在军队服役,后来就退伍了。5. 三年前我们分手了,从那时起,我再没接到他的信,6. 他还未讲完,就有人起来反驳他的论点了。7. 虽有车可乘,他宁愿步行回家。8. 如果机器发生故障,就把电门断开。9. 许多人抱怨自己的记性差,实际上病症出在缺乏判断力。10. ……他正在思考这个问题时,突然一只苹果落到地上,(原句中When引导的从句不是说明was thinking发生的时间,这里when=at that moment,表示“突然性”。)